'Laws of the Profit': Language, Religion, and Money in the Founding Fathers' Diplomacy with a Muslim Kingdom | Brookings

PARTIAL BODY - landing/summary page for Denise Spellberg's paper; the paper itself is a separate PDF (not captured). Verbatim fragments retrieved:

"Spellberg examines how linguistic differences initially hindered the United States when negotiating one of its first treaties with a major Islamic power, the kingdom of Tripoli."

"Words and their 18th century meanings continue to influence contemporary understanding of early diplomatic interactions between the United States and the Islamic world."

"some historians have characterized it as the first U.S. response to terrorism and have blamed religious differences between the two powers for delaying the signing of the treaty"

"Religious differences between the United States and Tripoli, while significant, were not what kept the two negotiating partners apart, writes Spellberg."

"What divided the United States and Tripoli was an economic disagreement over commercial access to Mediterranean ports, which took two decades of diplomacy and war to resolve."

"President Obama's speechwriters made use of the treaty's reference to Muslims in his speech at Cairo University in 2009, creating diplomatic history by setting a positive precedent for future U.S. relations with the Islamic world."

"imprecise language not only obscures what was at stake in one of the first U.S. interactions with a Muslim power, it also gives the modern reader the false impression that U.S. relations with the Muslim world have been troubled by terrorism and religious divisions from the beginning."