John Adams: 'The Government of the United States of America Is Not, in Any Sense, Founded on the Christian Religion' - Truth or Fiction

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[claim rating] "True" ... the statement "is known to have been part of the Treaty of Tripoli, signed in 1796" and ratified under President John Adams.

[author] Joel Barlow, "an ardent Jeffersonian republican"; treaty "signed at Tripoli on November 4, 1796."

[Senate] "unanimously without debate" in June 1797.

[American Quarterly abstract, Crane 2020] "the common interpretation of Article 11 as a definitive statement on the country's secular non-Christian identity" was "far from obvious at the time of its first publication in the 1790s" and emerged through a long history of later re-readings, applied to issues "from the public funding of Christian clergy to regulations prohibiting the sale of alcohol on Sundays."

[modern use] The clause "has long been a fixture of debates over the separation of church and state." Per the abstract, both "Christian nationalists and emergent secularists alike" invoked the Treaty of Tripoli to define national identity against "the perceived otherness of the Muslim world."

[1805] the treaty "was broken by Tripoli, leading to the First Barbary War," after which a superseding Treaty of Peace and Amity was signed on June 4, 1805.