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Treaty of Tripoli - Wikipedia
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1797 treaty between the US and Tripolitania
This article is about the 1796 treaty. For the 1805 treaty, see [Treaty of Tripoli (1805)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli_(1805) "Treaty of Tripoli (1805)").
| Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary (Ottoman Empire) |
| --- |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3.pdf)<br>Scan of the first article of the original treaty, written in Arabic, signed November 4, 1796 |
| Type | "Treaty of perpetual peace and friendship" |
| Signed | November 4, 1796 |
| Location | Tripoli |
| Effective | June 10, 1797 |
| Parties | - [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1795%E2%80%931818).svg)[United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States")<br>- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maritime_flag_of_Regency_of_Tripoli_(18th_century).svg)[Ottoman Tripolitania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania "Ottoman Tripolitania")<br>- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers "Regency of Algiers")[Regency of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers "Regency of Algiers")<br>- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg)[Ottoman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") (guarantor) |
| Language | Arabic (original), English[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-Receipt-1) |
| Full text |
| [Treaty of Tripoli](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Tripoli "wikisource:Treaty of Tripoli") at [Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") |
Treaty of Tripoli
The **Treaty of Tripoli** ( _Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary_) was signed in 1796.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-Avalon-TPF-2) It was the first treaty between the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") and [Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania "Ottoman Tripolitania") (now [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya "Libya")) to secure commercial shipping rights and protect American ships in the Mediterranean Sea from local [Barbary pirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirates "Barbary pirates").
It was authored by [Joel Barlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Barlow "Joel Barlow"), an ardent [Jeffersonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy "Jeffersonian democracy") republican, and signed in Tripoli on November 4, 1796, and at [Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers "Algiers") (for a third-party witness) on January 3, 1797. It was ratified by the [United States Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") unanimously and without debate on June 7, 1797, taking effect June 10, 1797, with the signature of [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams").
Succeeding Adams as president, [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson") refused to continue paying [Tripolitania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania "Tripolitania") the tributes stipulated by this treaty, partially leading to the [First Barbary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War "First Barbary War"). A superseding treaty, the Treaty of Peace and Amity, was signed on June 4, 1805.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-3)
The treaty is often cited in discussions regarding the role of religion in United States government due to a clause in [Article 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#Article_11) of the English language translation that was ratified by the Senate and signed by the president, which states, "\[t\]he Government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion."[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-4) However, modern translations of the official treaty confirm that no such phrase exists in the [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script "Arabic script") text.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-Hurgronje-5)
## Barbary corsairs
\[ [edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tripoli&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Barbary corsairs")\]
Main article: [Barbary corsairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_corsairs "Barbary corsairs")
For three centuries up to the time of the treaty, Christian ships in the [Mediterranean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea") had been preyed on by the [North African](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa") Muslim states of the [Barbary Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Coast "Barbary Coast") ( [Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania "Ottoman Tripolitania"), [Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers "Regency of Algiers"), [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco "Morocco"), and [Tunis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia "Ottoman Tunisia")) through the [Barbary corsairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_corsairs "Barbary corsairs"). Hostages captured by the corsairs were either ransomed or forced into slavery, contributing to the greater [Ottoman slave trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire "Slavery in the Ottoman Empire") (of which the Barbary states were a segment). Life for the captives often was harsh and many died from their treatment.\[ _[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]
Prior to the [American Revolutionary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War"), ships of the [Thirteen Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies "Thirteen Colonies") were protected from the Barbary corsairs by the [Royal Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") and British treaties. During the conflict, France allied with the newly formed [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") in 1778 and the [French Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy "French Navy") subsequently assumed the responsibility of protecting American shipping in the Mediterranean and [Eastern Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Atlantic "Eastern Atlantic") from the Barbary corsairs.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-6) Following the Revolutionary War's conclusion with the signing of the 1783 [Treaty of Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783) "Treaty of Paris (1783)"), the U.S. was left to face the threat of the Barbary corsairs by itself. Two American ships were captured by Algerian corsairs in July 1785 and the survivors enslaved, with their ransom being set at $60,000. Rumors spread that [Benjamin Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin "Benjamin Franklin"), who was travelling back from France to [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), had been captured by Barbary corsairs, causing considerable upset in the U.S.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-7)
As the U.S. lacked a standing navy after the [Continental Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Navy "Continental Navy")'s last ship was sold by the [Confederation Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_Congress "Confederation Congress") in 1785, it was forced to pay tribute to the Barbary Coast to prevent attacks on American shipping and free enslaved Americans. As the American consul Lieutenant [William Eaton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Eaton_(soldier) "William Eaton (soldier)") informed newly appointed [United States Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State") [John Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall "John Marshall") in 1800, "It is a maxim of the Barbary States, that 'The Christians who would be on good terms with them must fight well or pay well.'"[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-8)
Soon after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, attacks on American shipping in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic by the Barbary corsairs prompted the U.S. to initiate a series of peace treaties collectively known as the [Barbary treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_treaties "Barbary treaties"). Individual treaties were negotiated with Morocco (1786), Algiers (1795), Tripoli (1797), and Tunis (1797), all of them more than once. [Joel Barlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Barlow "Joel Barlow"), the U.S. [consul general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_general "Consul general") to Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, dealt with the text of various treaties. The [United States Ambassador to Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain "United States Ambassador to Spain"), [David Humphreys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier) "David Humphreys (soldier)"), was given the right to establish a treaty with Tripoli and assigned Barlow and Joseph Donaldson to broker it. Barlow certified the signatures on the Arabic original and the English copy provided to him. The American diplomat [Richard Henry O'Brien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_O'Brien "Richard Henry O'Brien") subsequently established the original transport of the negotiated goods along with the treaty, but it was the consul [James Leander Cathcart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Leander_Cathcart "James Leander Cathcart") who delivered the final requirements of payment for the treaty.\[ _[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]
## Signing and ratification
\[ [edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tripoli&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Signing and ratification")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3.pdf) Scan of the original Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and [the Bey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli "Yusuf Karamanli") and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary, written in [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic "Arabic"), signed November 4, 1796.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-9)
The first U.S. president, [George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington"), appointed his old colleague [David Humphreys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Humphreys_(soldier) "David Humphreys (soldier)") as Commissioner [Plenipotentiary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenipotentiary "Plenipotentiary") on March 30, 1795, in order to negotiate a treaty with the Barbary powers.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-10) On February 10, 1796, Humphreys appointed Joel Barlow and Joseph Donaldson as "Junior Agents" to forge a "Treaty of Peace and Friendship".[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-Humphrey's_Declaration-11) Under Humphreys' authority, the treaty was signed at Tripoli on November 4, 1796, and certified at Algiers on January 3, 1797. Humphreys reviewed the treaty and approved it in Lisbon on February 10, 1797.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-Humphrey's_Declaration-11)
The official treaty was in [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic "Arabic"), and a translated version by Consul-General Barlow was ratified by the United States on June 10, 1797. Article 11 of the treaty was said to have not been part of the original [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") version of the treaty; in its place is a letter from the [Dey of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers "List of Ottoman governors of the Regency of Algiers") to the [Pasha of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha_of_Tripoli "Pasha of Tripoli"). However, it is the English text that was ratified by Congress. Miller says, "the Barlow translation is that which was submitted to the Senate (American State Papers, Foreign Relations, II, 18–19) and which is printed in the Statutes at Large and in treaty collections generally; it is that English text which in the United States has always been deemed the text of the treaty."[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-12)
The treaty had spent seven months traveling from Tripoli to Algiers to [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") and, finally westward across the [North Atlantic Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean "North Atlantic Ocean"), to the United States, and had been signed by officials at each stop along the way. There is no record of discussion or debate of the Treaty of Tripoli at the time that it was ratified. However, there is a statement made by President John Adams on the document that reads:
> Now be it known, That I John Adams, President of the United States of America, having seen and considered the said Treaty do, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, accept, ratify, and confirm the same, and every clause and article thereof. And to the End that the said Treaty may be observed, and performed with good Faith on the part of the United States, I have ordered the premises to be made public; And I do hereby enjoin and require all persons bearing office civil or military within the United States, and all other citizens or inhabitants thereof, faithfully to observe and fulfill the said Treaty and every clause and article thereof.
Official records show that after President [John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") sent the treaty to the U.S. Senate for ratification in May 1797, the entire treaty was read aloud on the Senate floor, and copies were printed for every senator. A committee considered the treaty and recommended ratification. Twenty-three of the thirty-two sitting senators were present for the June 7 vote that unanimously approved the ratification recommendation.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-13)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Tripoli_as_communicated_to_Congress_1797.png) The Treaty of Tripoli as presented to Congress
However, before anyone in the United States saw the treaty, its required payments, in the form of goods and money, had been made in part. As Barlow declared: "The present writing done by our hand and delivered to the American Captain O'Brien makes known that he has delivered to us forty thousand Spanish dollars,—thirteen watches of gold, silver & pinsbach,—five rings, of which three of diamonds, one of saphire and one with a watch in it, One hundred & forty piques of cloth, and four caftans of brocade,—and these on account of the peace concluded with the Americans."[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-Receipt-1) However, this was an incomplete amount of goods stipulated under the treaty (according to the Pasha of Tripoli) and an additional $18,000 had to be paid by the American Consul James Leander Cathcart at his arrival on April 10, 1799.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-HunterMillerNotes-14)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdamsStatement.GIF) President Adams' signing statement
It was not until these final goods were delivered that the Pasha of Tripoli recognized the treaty as official. In _Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America_ by [David Hunter Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hunter_Miller "David Hunter Miller"), which is regarded as an authoritative collection of international agreements of the United States between 1776 and 1937,[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-15) Miller describes, "While the original ratification remained in the hands of Cathcart... it is possible that a copy thereof was delivered upon the settlement of April 10, 1799, and further possible that there was something almost in the nature of an exchange of ratifications of the treaty on or about April 10, 1799, the day of the agreed settlement."[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-HunterMillerNotes-14) It is then that the Pasha declares in a Letter to John Adams on April 15, 1799, "Whereby we have consummated the Peace which shall, on our side, be inviolate, provided You are Willing to treat us as You do other Regencies, without any difference being made between Us. Which is the whole of what We have, at present, to say to You, wishing you at the same time the most unlimited prosperity."[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-HunterMillerNotes-14)
### Article 11
\[ [edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tripoli&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Article 11")\]
Article 11 has been and is a point of contention in popular culture disputes on the doctrine of [separation of church and state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States "Separation of church and state in the United States") as it applies to the founding principles of the United States. Despite ratification by the U.S. Senate of the text in English which contained Article 11, the page containing Article 11 is missing from the Arabic version of the treaty.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-HunterMillerNotes-14) The contemporaneous purpose of Article 11 was to make clear that the United States was a secular state,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-16) and to reassure the Muslims that the agreement was not with an extension of earlier Christian nations that took part in the [Crusades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades "Crusades").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-Hill2012-17)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Article_11.gif) Article 11
Article 11 reads:
> Art. 11. As the Government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquility, of Mussulmen (Muslims); and as the said States never entered into any war or act of hostility against any Mahometan ( [Mohammedan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammedan "Mohammedan")) nation, it is declared by the parties that no pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries.
According to [Frank Lambert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_T._Lambert "Franklin T. Lambert"), Professor of History at [Purdue University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University "Purdue University"), the assurances in Article 11 were "intended to allay the fears of the Muslim state by insisting that religion would not govern how the treaty was interpreted and enforced. John Adams and the Senate made clear that the pact was between two sovereign states, not between two religious powers." Lambert writes,
> By their actions, the Founding Fathers made clear that their primary concern was religious freedom, not the advancement of a state religion. Individuals, not the government, would define religious faith and practice in the United States. Thus the Founders ensured that in no official sense would America be a Christian Republic. Ten years after the Constitutional Convention ended its work, the country assured the world that the United States was a secular state, and that its negotiations would adhere to the rule of law, not the dictates of the Christian faith. The assurances were contained in the Treaty of Tripoli of 1797 and were intended to allay the fears of the Muslim state by insisting that religion would not govern how the treaty was interpreted and enforced. John Adams and the Senate made clear that the pact was between two sovereign states, not between two religious powers.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-18)
The treaty was printed in the _Philadelphia Gazette_ and two New York papers, with only scant public dissent (most notably from [William Cobbett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cobbett "William Cobbett")).[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-19)
### Later dissent
\[ [edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tripoli&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Later dissent")\]
A prominent member of Adams' cabinet, Secretary of War [James McHenry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McHenry "James McHenry"), claimed that he protested the language of Article 11 before its ratification. He wrote to Secretary of the Treasury [Oliver Wolcott Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr. "Oliver Wolcott Jr."), September 26, 1800: "The Senate, my good friend, _and I said so at the time_, ought never to have ratified the treaty alluded to, with the declaration that 'the government of the United States, is not, _in any sense_, founded on the Christian religion.' What else is it founded on? This act always appeared to me like _trampling upon the cross_. I do not recollect that [Barlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Barlow "Joel Barlow") was even reprimanded for this outrage upon the government and religion."[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-20)
### Translation and Article 11
\[ [edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tripoli&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Translation and Article 11")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MillerTreaties.gif) Miller's Investigation and Notes
The translation of the Treaty of Tripoli by Barlow has been questioned, and it has been disputed whether Article 11 in the English version of the treaty ratified by the U.S. Senate corresponds to anything of the same purport in the Arabic version.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-Hurgronje-5)
In 1931 [David Hunter Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hunter_Miller "David Hunter Miller") completed a commission by the United States government to analyze United States treaties and to explain how they function and what they mean to the United States legal position in relationship with the rest of the world.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-21) According to Miller's notes, "the Barlow translation is at best a poor attempt at a paraphrase or summary of the sense of the Arabic" and "Article 11... does not exist at all."[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-HunterMillerNotes-14)
After comparing the English language version by Barlow with the Arabic and the Italian version, Miller continues by claiming that:
> The Arabic text which is between Articles 10 and 12 is in form a letter, crude and flamboyant and withal quite unimportant, from the Dey of Algiers to the Pasha of Tripoli. How that script came to be written and to be regarded, as in the Barlow translation, as Article 11 of the treaty as there written, is a mystery and seemingly must remain so. Nothing in the diplomatic correspondence of the time throws any light whatever on the point.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-HunterMillerNotes-14)
From this, Miller concludes: "A further and perhaps equal mystery is the fact that since 1797 the Barlow translation has been trustfully and universally accepted as the just equivalent of the Arabic... yet evidence of the erroneous character of the Barlow translation has been in the archives of the Department of State since perhaps 1800 or thereabouts".[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-HunterMillerNotes-14) However, as Miller noted:
> It is to be remembered that the Barlow translation is that which was submitted to the Senate (American State Papers, Foreign Relations, II, 18–19) and which is printed in the Statutes at Large and in treaty collections generally; it is that English text which in the United States has always been deemed the text of the treaty.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-HunterMillerNotes-14)
However the Arabic and English texts differ, the Barlow translation (Article 11 included) was the text presented by the President and ratified unanimously in 1797 by the U.S. Senate following strict constitutional procedures. According to the American legal scholar [Francis Wharton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Wharton "Francis Wharton") the original document was framed by an ex-Congregational preacher.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-22)
## Barbary wars
\[ [edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tripoli&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Barbary wars")\]
Main article: [First Barbary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War "First Barbary War")
The treaty was broken in 1801 by [Yusuf Karamanli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli "Yusuf Karamanli"), the [Pasha of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha_of_Tripoli "Pasha of Tripoli"), over President [Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson")'s refusal to submit to the Pasha's demands for increased payments.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes2006-23)
Through subsequent battles, Tripoli eventually agreed to terms of peace with the United States. Tobias Lear negotiated a second "Treaty of Peace and Amity" with the Pasha Yusuf on June 4, 1805.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_note-Treaty_of_Peace_and_Amity-24) To the dismay of many Americans, the new settlement included a ransom of $60,000 (equal to $1,290,000 today) paid for the release of prisoners from the [USS _Philadelphia_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(1799) "USS Philadelphia (1799)") and several U.S. merchant ships. By 1807, Algiers had gone back to taking U.S. ships and seamen hostage. Distracted by the preludes to the [War of 1812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812 "War of 1812") and the war itself, the United States was unable to respond to the provocations until 1815, with the [Second Barbary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barbary_War "Second Barbary War"), thereby concluding the [First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War "First Barbary War") and the [Second Barbary Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barbary_War "Second Barbary War") (1800–1815).
## References
\[ [edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tripoli&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: References")\]
01. [Jump up to: 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-Receipt_1-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-Receipt_1-1)["The Barbary Treaties: Tripoli 1796 – Barlow's Receipt of Goods"](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796t.asp). The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
02. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-Avalon-TPF_2-0 "Jump up")["The Barbary Treaties 1786–1816: Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796"](https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796t.asp). The Avalon Project, Yale Law School. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
03. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-3 "Jump up")["Avalon Project – The Barbary Treaties 1786–1816 – Treaty of Peace and Amity, Signed at Tripoli June 4, 1805"](https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/bar1805t.asp). _avalon.law.yale.edu_.
04. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-4 "Jump up")["Avalon Project – The Barbary Treaties 1786–1816 – Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796"](https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796t.asp#art11). _avalon.law.yale.edu_.
05. [Jump up to: 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-Hurgronje_5-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-Hurgronje_5-1)[Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Snouck_Hurgronje "Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje"), [translation of Arabic text of treaty](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796e.asp) (1930), via Avalon Project (some OCR errors)- accessed 2008-12-06
06. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-6 "Jump up")["About this Collection"](https://www.loc.gov/collections/thomas-jefferson-papers/about-this-collection/). _Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606–1827_. Library of Congress.
07. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-7 "Jump up")[David McCullough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McCullough "David McCullough"), _[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(book) "John Adams (book)")_ (Simon & Schuster Paperbacks), 2001, p. 352.
08. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-8 "Jump up")[_The life of the late Gen. William Eaton_](https://books.google.com/books?id=4aIDAAAAYAAJ). E. Merriam & Co. 1813. pp. [185](https://archive.org/details/lifelategenwill00prengoog/page/n192). (principally collected from his correspondence and other manuscripts)
09. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-9 "Jump up")_Treaties and other international acts of the United States of America /_. Washington, D.C. 1931–1948. [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"): [2027/uiug.30112104106221](https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112104106221).
10. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-10 "Jump up")Frank Landon Humphreys, [_Life and times of David Humphreys: soldier—statesman—poet, "belov'd of Washington"_](https://books.google.com/books?id=PI-yAAAAIAAJ), Volume 2 (1917) ch 11.
11. [Jump up to: 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-Humphrey's_Declaration_11-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-Humphrey's_Declaration_11-1)["The Barbary Treaties: Tripoli 1796 – Humphrey's Declaration"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070916113305/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1796t.htm#t3). The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from [the original](http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1796t.htm#t3) on 2007-09-16. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
12. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-12 "Jump up")Hunter Miller, ed. [_Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America_](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796n.asp#n4). Volume 2. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1931.
13. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-13 "Jump up")["A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875"](http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(ej001383)):). _Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, 1789–180_. U.S. Library of Congress. Wednesday, June 7, 1797. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
14. [Jump up to: 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-HunterMillerNotes_14-0) [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-HunterMillerNotes_14-1) [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-HunterMillerNotes_14-2) [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-HunterMillerNotes_14-3) [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-HunterMillerNotes_14-4) [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-HunterMillerNotes_14-5) [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-HunterMillerNotes_14-6) [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-HunterMillerNotes_14-7)["The Barbary Treaties: Tripoli 1796 – Hunter Miller's Notes"](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796n.asp). The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
15. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-15 "Jump up")Henkin, Louis (1996). [_Foreign Affairs and the United States Constitution_](https://web.archive.org/web/20210822103919/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYO3aUuC68kC). Oxford University Press. p.442\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-826098-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826098-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826098-1"). Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=KYO3aUuC68kC) on 2021-08-22. Retrieved 2020-10-29. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-19-826098-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826098-9 "Special:BookSources/0-19-826098-9"), [978-0-19-826098-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826098-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826098-1").
16. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-16 "Jump up")Frank Lambert (2006). [_The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America_](https://books.google.com/books?id=4CHIomb78VgC). Princeton University Press. pp. [240–241](https://books.google.com/books?id=4CHIomb78VgC&pg=PA240). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-691-12602-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12602-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12602-9"). Ten years after the Constitutional Convention ended its work, the country assured the world that the United States was a secular state, and that its negotiations would adhere to the rule of law, not the dictates of the Christian faith. The assurances were contained in the Treaty of Tripoli of 1797 and were intended to allay the fears of the Muslim state by insisting that religion would not govern how the treaty was interpreted or enforced. John Adams and the Senate made clear that the pact was between two sovereign states, not between two religious powers.
17. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-Hill2012_17-0 "Jump up")Hill, Peter P. (2012). [_Joel Barlow: American Diplomat and Nation Builder_](https://books.google.com/books?id=0LDDgGOpkTQC). Potomac Books. p. [67](https://books.google.com/books?id=0LDDgGOpkTQC&dq=Joel%20Barlow%20And%20The%20Treaty%20With%20Tripoli%20A%20Tangled%20Tale%20Of%20Pirates%2C%20A%20Poet%20And%20The%20True%20Meaning%20Of%20The%20First%20Amendment%20by%20Rob%20Boston&pg=PT67). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59797-772-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-772-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-772-2").
18. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-18 "Jump up")Frank Lambert (2006). [_The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America_](https://books.google.com/books?id=4CHIomb78VgC). Princeton University Press. p. [11](https://books.google.com/books?id=4CHIomb78VgC&pg=PA11). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-691-12602-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12602-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12602-9").
19. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-19 "Jump up")Lambert, Frank (2003). [_The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America_](https://archive.org/details/foundin_lam_2003_00_2547). Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. [240](https://archive.org/details/foundin_lam_2003_00_2547/page/240).
20. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-20 "Jump up")["Letter from James McHenry to John Adams"](https://books.google.com/books?id=9Y15uiaH8JQC&q=Christian+religion). In George Gibbs, ed. (1846). _Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams: Edited from the Papers of Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury_. Volume 2. William Van Norden. p.421.
21. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-21 "Jump up")His work on the Treaty of Tripoli can be found in Miller, David Hunter (1948). [_Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America_](https://books.google.com/books?id=I0U3AAAAIAAJ). Vol.2\. U.S. G.P.O..
22. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-22 "Jump up")Schaff, Philip (1972) \[first published 1888\]. _Church and state in the United States, or, the American idea of religious liberty and its practical effects: with official documents_. Religion in America vol. 2. New York: Arno Press. p. 41. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780405040832](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780405040832 "Special:BookSources/9780405040832").
23. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-Fremont-Barnes2006_23-0 "Jump up")Gregory Fremont-Barnes (2006). [_The Wars of the Barbary Pirates: To the Shores of Tripoli – The Rise of the Us Navy and Marines_](https://books.google.com/books?id=fQJI5cX-klYC). Osprey Publishing. p. [14](https://books.google.com/books?id=fQJI5cX%E2%80%93klYC&pg=PA14). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-84603-030-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-030-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-030-7").
24. [↑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli#cite_ref-Treaty_of_Peace_and_Amity_24-0 "Jump up")["Treaty of Peace and Amity"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080215092040/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1805t.htm). Yale University. Archived from [the original](http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/barbary/bar1805t.htm) on 2008-02-15. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
## External links
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- [Treaties with The Barbary Powers: 1786–1836](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/barmenu.asp)
- [1796 Treaty Text and Related Documents](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796t.asp)
- [Treaty – The 1930 Annotated Translation from Arabic](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796e.asp)
- [1805 Treaty Text and Related Documents](http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/bar1805t.asp)
- [American State Papers, Senate, 5th Congress, 1st Session (scroll down)](http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsp&fileName=002/llsp002.db&recNum=23)
- [Page 2](http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsp&fileName=002/llsp002.db&recNum=24)
| show<br>[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire")[Treaties of the Ottoman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire") |
| --- |
| [Rise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "Rise of the Ottoman Empire") (1299–1453) | - [Gallipoli (1403)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gallipoli "Treaty of Gallipoli")<br>- [Selymbria (1411)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Selymbria "Treaty of Selymbria")<br>- [Venice (1419)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_peace_treaty_(1419) "Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty (1419)")<br>- [Szeged (1444)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Szeged "Peace of Szeged") |
| [Classical Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire") (1453–1566) | - [Constantinople (1454)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1454) "Treaty of Constantinople (1454)")<br>- [Constantinople (1479)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479) "Treaty of Constantinople (1479)")<br>- [Constantinople (1533)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1533) "Treaty of Constantinople (1533)")<br>- [Franco-Ottoman (1536)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance "Franco-Ottoman alliance")<br>- [Adrianople (1547)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547) "Truce of Adrianople (1547)")<br>- [Amasya (1555)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya "Peace of Amasya")<br>- [Constantinople (1562)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1562) "Treaty of Constantinople (1562)") |
| [Transformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "Transformation of the Ottoman Empire") (1566–1703) | - [Adrianople (1568)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1568) "Treaty of Adrianople (1568)")<br>- [Constantinople (1590)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1590) "Treaty of Constantinople (1590)")<br>- [Zitvatorok (1606)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Zsitvatorok "Peace of Zsitvatorok")<br>- [Nasuh Pasha (1612)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nasuh_Pasha "Treaty of Nasuh Pasha")<br>- [Busza (1617)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Busza "Peace of Busza")<br>- [Serav (1618)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Serav "Treaty of Serav")<br>- [Khotin (1621)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Khotyn "Treaty of Khotyn")<br>- [Zuhab (1639)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab "Treaty of Zuhab")<br>- [Vasvár (1664)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Vasv%C3%A1r "Peace of Vasvár")<br>- [Buczacz (1672)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Buchach "Treaty of Buchach")<br>- [Żurawno (1676)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_%C5%BBurawno "Treaty of Żurawno")<br>- [Bakhchisaray (1681)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bakhchisarai "Treaty of Bakhchisarai")<br>- [Karlowitz (1699)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz "Treaty of Karlowitz")<br>- [Constantinople (1700)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1700) "Treaty of Constantinople (1700)") |
| [Old Regime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime "Ottoman Old Regime") (1703–1789) | - [Pruth (1711)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pruth "Treaty of the Pruth")<br>- [Passarowitz (1718)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz "Treaty of Passarowitz")<br>- [Constantinople (1724)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1724) "Treaty of Constantinople (1724)")<br>- [Ahmet Pasha (1732)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ahmet_Pasha "Treaty of Ahmet Pasha")<br>- [Constantinople (1736)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1736) "Treaty of Constantinople (1736)")<br>- [Belgrade (1739)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade "Treaty of Belgrade")<br>- [Niş (1739)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1739) "Treaty of Niš (1739)")<br>- [Kerden (1746)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kerden "Treaty of Kerden")<br>- [Küçük Kaynarca (1774)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca "Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca")<br>- [Aynalıkavak (1779)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Aynal%C4%B1kavak "Treaty of Aynalıkavak") |
| [Modernization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire") (1789–1908) | - [Sistova (1791)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Sistova "Treaty of Sistova")<br>- [Jassy (1792)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Jassy "Treaty of Jassy")<br>- [Tripoli (1796)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli)<br>- [Tunis (1797)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797) "Treaty with Tunis (1797)")<br>- [El Arish (1800)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_El_Arish "Convention of El Arish")<br>- [Constantinople (1800)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1800) "Treaty of Constantinople (1800)")<br>- [Paris (1802)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802) "Treaty of Paris (1802)")<br>- [Çanak (1809)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Dardanelles "Treaty of the Dardanelles")<br>- [Bucharest (1812)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812) "Treaty of Bucharest (1812)")<br>- [Algiers (1815)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815) "Treaty with Algiers (1815)")<br>- [Erzurum (1823)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Erzurum#First_treaty "Treaties of Erzurum")<br>- [Akkerman (1826)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkerman_Convention "Akkerman Convention")<br>- [Adrianople (1829)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829) "Treaty of Adrianople (1829)")<br>- [Constantinople (1832)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832) "Treaty of Constantinople (1832)")<br>- [Hünkar İskelesi (1833)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_%C4%B0skelesi "Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi")<br>- [Kütahya (1833)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_K%C3%BCtahya "Convention of Kütahya")<br>- [Balta Liman (1838)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Balta_Liman "Treaty of Balta Liman")<br>- [London (1840)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_London_(1840) "Convention of London (1840)")<br>- [London (1841)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Straits_Convention "London Straits Convention")<br>- [Erzurum (1847)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Erzurum#Second_treaty "Treaties of Erzurum")<br>- [Paris (1856)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856) "Treaty of Paris (1856)")<br>- [Scutari (1862)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Scutari "Convention of Scutari")<br>- [San Stefano (1878)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano "Treaty of San Stefano")<br>- [Cyprus (1878)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Convention "Cyprus Convention")<br>- [Berlin (1878)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878) "Treaty of Berlin (1878)")<br>- [Halepa (1878)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa "Pact of Halepa")<br>- [Constantinople (1881)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881) "Convention of Constantinople (1881)")<br>- [Tophane (1886)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophane_Agreement "Tophane Agreement")<br>- [Constantinople (1888)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople "Convention of Constantinople")<br>- [Brussels Conference Act (1890)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Conference_Act_of_1890 "Brussels Conference Act of 1890")<br>- [Constantinople (1897)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1897) "Treaty of Constantinople (1897)") |
| [Fall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeat_and_dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire "Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire") (1908–1922) | - [Daan (1911)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Daan "Treaty of Daan")<br>- [Ouchy (1912)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War#Treaty_of_Ouchy "Italo-Turkish War")<br>- [London (1913)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913) "Treaty of London (1913)")<br>- [Constantinople (1913)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913) "Treaty of Constantinople (1913)")<br>- [Athens (1913)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens "Treaty of Athens")<br>- [Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1913 "Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913")<br>- [Armenian reforms (1914)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_Armenian_reforms "1914 Armenian reforms")<br>- [Sofia (1915)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_convention_(1915) "Bulgarian–Ottoman convention (1915)")<br>- [Erzincan (1917)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan "Armistice of Erzincan")<br>- [Brest-Litovsk (1918)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers) "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)")<br>- [Trebizond (1918)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebizond_Peace_Conference "Trebizond Peace Conference")<br>- [Bucharest (1918)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918) "Treaty of Bucharest (1918)")<br>- [Batum (1918)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum "Treaty of Batum")<br>- [Mudros (1918)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros "Armistice of Mudros")<br>- [Sèvres (1920)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres "Treaty of Sèvres") |
| - **[Turkeyportal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Turkey "Portal:Turkey")**<br>- **[Treaties of Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Treaties_of_Turkey "Template:Treaties of Turkey")** |
| show<br>[John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams "John Adams") |
| --- |
| - [2nd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of presidents of the United States") [President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") (1797–1801)<br>- [1st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States "List of vice presidents of the United States") [Vice President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") (1789–1797)<br>- [U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom "List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom") (1785–1788)<br>- [U.S. Minister to the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Netherlands "List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands") (1782–1788)<br>- [Delegate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress "List of delegates to the Continental Congress") to the [Second Continental Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress "Second Continental Congress") (1775–1778)<br>- [Delegate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress "List of delegates to the Continental Congress") to the [First Continental Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Continental_Congress "First Continental Congress") (1774) |
| [Founding of the\<br>\<br>United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States "Founding Fathers of the United States") | - [Braintree Instructions (1765)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braintree_Instructions "Braintree Instructions")<br>- [Boston Massacre defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre#Trials "Boston Massacre")<br>- [Continental Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Association "Continental Association")<br>- [Petition to the King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition_to_the_King "Petition to the King")<br>- [United Colonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Colonies "United Colonies")<br>- [_Thoughts on Government_ (1776)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoughts_on_Government "Thoughts on Government")<br>- [Lee Resolution (seconded)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Resolution "Lee Resolution")<br>- [Declaration of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams#Independence "John Adams") <br> - [May 15 preamble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence#May_15_preamble "United States Declaration of Independence")<br> - [Committee of Five](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Five "Committee of Five")<br>- [Model Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Treaty "Model Treaty") <br> - [Treaty of Amity and Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States) "Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)")<br> - [Treaty of Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778) "Treaty of Alliance (1778)")<br>- [Board of War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_War "Board of War")<br>- [Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775–1779](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy#Secretaries_of_the_Navy "United States Secretary of the Navy") <br> - [Continental Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Navy "Continental Navy")<br>- [Staten Island Peace Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference "Staten Island Peace Conference") <br> - [Conference House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_House "Conference House")<br>- [Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Massachusetts "Constitution of Massachusetts")<br>- [Treaty of Paris, 1783](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783) "Treaty of Paris (1783)")<br>- [Diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_of_John_Adams "Diplomacy of John Adams") |
| Elections | - [United States presidential election 1788–1789](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election "1788–89 United States presidential election")<br>- [1792](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election "1792 United States presidential election")<br>- [1796](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election "1796 United States presidential election")<br>- [1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election "1800 United States presidential election") |
| [Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams "Presidency of John Adams")<br>( [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_Adams_presidency "Timeline of the John Adams presidency")) | - [Inauguration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Adams "Inauguration of John Adams")<br>- [Quasi War with France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-War "Quasi-War") <br> - [XYZ Affair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYZ_Affair "XYZ Affair")<br> - [United States Department of the Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy "United States Department of the Navy")<br> - [Commerce Protection Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Act_further_to_protect_the_commerce_of_the_United_States "An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States")<br> - [United States Marine Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps "United States Marine Corps")<br> - [Convention of 1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_1800 "Convention of 1800")<br>- [Mississippi Organic Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Territory "Mississippi Territory")<br>- [Alien and Sedition Acts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts "Alien and Sedition Acts") <br> - [Naturalization Act of 1798](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798 "Naturalization Act of 1798")<br>- [Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Act_for_the_relief_of_sick_and_disabled_seamen "An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen") <br> - [Marine Hospital Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Hospital_Service "Marine Hospital Service")<br>- [Bankruptcy Act of 1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy_Act_of_1800 "Bankruptcy Act of 1800")<br>- [Indiana Organic Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Territory "Indiana Territory")<br>- [Slave Trade Act of 1800](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_of_1800 "Slave Trade Act of 1800")<br>- [District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Organic_Act_of_1801 "District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801")<br>- [Navy Department Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Department_Library "Navy Department Library")<br>- [Treaty of Tellico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tellico "Treaty of Tellico")<br>- [Treaty of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli)<br>- [Midnight Judges Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Judges_Act "Midnight Judges Act") <br> - _[Marbury v. Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison "Marbury v. Madison")_<br>- [State of the Union Address (1797](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1797_State_of_the_Union_Address "1797 State of the Union Address")<br>- [1798](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798_State_of_the_Union_Address "1798 State of the Union Address")<br>- [1799](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1799_State_of_the_Union_Address "1799 State of the Union Address")<br>- [1800)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_State_of_the_Union_Address "1800 State of the Union Address")<br>- [Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Thomas_Jefferson "Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson")<br>- [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams#Administration_and_cabinet "John Adams")<br>- [Federal judiciary appointments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Adams "List of federal judges appointed by John Adams") |
| Other writings | - [Massachusetts Historical Society holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections "Massachusetts Historical Society") <br> - [Adams Papers Editorial Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Papers_Editorial_Project "Adams Papers Editorial Project")<br>- _[A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Defence_of_the_Constitutions_of_Government_of_the_United_States_of_America "A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America")_<br>- _[Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_of_Mrs._Adams,_the_Wife_of_John_Adams "Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams")_<br>- [Founders Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founders_Online "Founders Online")<br>- _[Gray v. Pitts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_v._Pitts "Gray v. Pitts")_ |
| Life and<br>homes | - [Early life and education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams#Early_life_and_education "John Adams")<br>- [Adams National Historical Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park "Adams National Historical Park") <br> - [John Adams Birthplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_Birthplace "John Adams Birthplace")<br> - [Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_Birthplace "John Quincy Adams Birthplace")<br> - [Peacefield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacefield "Peacefield")<br> - [Stone Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park#Stone_Library "Adams National Historical Park")<br>- [Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University) "Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)")<br>- [Presidents House, Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President's_House_(Philadelphia) "President's House (Philadelphia)")<br>- [Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences "American Academy of Arts and Sciences")<br>- [United First Parish Church and gravesite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_First_Parish_Church "United First Parish Church") |
| Legacy | - [Bibliography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_Adams "Bibliography of John Adams")<br>- [List of memorials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_John_Adams "List of memorials to John Adams")<br>- [Adams Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Memorial "Adams Memorial") (proposed)<br>- [John Adams Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_Building "John Adams Building")<br>- [John Adams Courthouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_Courthouse "John Adams Courthouse")<br>- [Fort Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Adams "Fort Adams")<br>- [Jefferson Memorial pediment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior "Jefferson Memorial")<br>- [U.S. Postage stamps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_Adams "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps")<br>- _[Treaty of Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting) "Treaty of Paris (painting)")_ (1783 painting)<br>- [USS _Adams_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Adams_(1799) "USS Adams (1799)") (1799)<br>- [USS _John Adams_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(1799) "USS John Adams (1799)") (1799)<br>- [USS _Adams_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Adams_(1874) "USS Adams (1874)") (1874)<br>- [USS _President Adams_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_President_Adams "USS President Adams") (1941)<br>- [USS _John Adams_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(SSBN-620) "USS John Adams (SSBN-620)") (1963)<br>- [Adams House at Harvard University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College) "Adams House (Harvard College)")<br>- [John Adams tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(tree) "John Adams (tree)")<br>- [Mount Adams (New Hampshire,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Adams_(New_Hampshire) "Mount Adams (New Hampshire)") [Washington)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington) "Mount Adams (Washington)")<br>- [Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence "Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence") |
| Popular culture | - _[Portrait of John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_John_Adams_(Copley) "Portrait of John Adams (Copley)")_ (1783 painting)<br>- _[Portrait of John Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_John_Adams_(Trumbull) "Portrait of John Adams (Trumbull)")_ (1793 painting)<br>- _[Declaration of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(film) "Declaration of Independence (film)")_ (1938 film)<br>- [_Profiles in Courage_ (1964 series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series) "Profiles in Courage (TV series)")<br>- [_American Primitive_ (1969 play)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Primitive "American Primitive")<br>- [_1776_ (1969 musical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1776_(musical) "1776 (musical)")<br>- [1972 film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1776_(film) "1776 (film)")<br>- " [Sit Down, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit_Down,_John "Sit Down, John")")<br>- [_The Adams Chronicles_ (1976 miniseries)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adams_Chronicles "The Adams Chronicles")<br>- [_Liberty!_ (1997 documentary series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty! "Liberty!")<br>- [_Liberty's Kids_ (2002 animated series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty's_Kids "Liberty's Kids")<br>- [_John Adams_ (2001 book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(book) "John Adams (book)")<br>- [2008 miniseries)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries) "John Adams (miniseries)")<br>- [_John and Abigail Adams_ (2006 documentary film)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_Abigail_Adams "John and Abigail Adams")<br>- [_The Revolution_ (2006 miniseries)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolution_(miniseries) "The Revolution (miniseries)")<br>- [_Sons of Liberty_ (2015 miniseries)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries) "Sons of Liberty (miniseries)")<br>- [_Franklin_ (2024 miniseries)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries) "Franklin (miniseries)")<br>- [_The American Revolution_ (2025 miniseries)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Revolution_(TV_series) "The American Revolution (TV series)")<br>- [Paintings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paintings_of_John_Adams "List of paintings of John Adams") |
| Related | - ["Adams and Liberty" campaign song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_and_Liberty "Adams and Liberty")<br>- [Adams' personal library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Library#Overview "Boston Public Library")<br>- [American Enlightenment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment "American Enlightenment")<br>- [Congress Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Hall "Congress Hall")<br>- [Federalist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party "Federalist Party") <br> - [Federalist Era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Era "Federalist Era")<br> - [First Party System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Party_System "First Party System")<br> - [republicanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States "Republicanism in the United States")<br>- [American Philosophical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society "American Philosophical Society")<br>- _[Gazette of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazette_of_the_United_States "Gazette of the United States")_<br>- _[The American Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine) "The American Museum (magazine)")_<br>- [American Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution "American Revolution") <br> - [patriots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution) "Patriot (American Revolution)")<br> - [Founding Fathers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States "Founding Fathers of the United States") |
| [Adams political family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_political_family "Adams political family") | - [Abigail Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Adams "Abigail Adams") <br> - wife<br> - [Quincy political family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_political_family "Quincy political family")<br>- [Abigail Adams Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Smith "Abigail Adams Smith") (daughter)<br>- [John Quincy Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams "John Quincy Adams") <br> - son<br> - [presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams "Presidency of John Quincy Adams")<br>- [Charles Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Adams_(1770%E2%80%931800) "Charles Adams (1770–1800)") (son)<br>- [Thomas Boylston Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boylston_Adams_(judge) "Thomas Boylston Adams (judge)") (son)<br>- [George Washington Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Adams "George Washington Adams") (grandson)<br>- [Charles Francis Adams Sr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr. "Charles Francis Adams Sr.") (grandson)<br>- [John Adams II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_II "John Adams II") (grandson)<br>- [John Quincy Adams II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II "John Quincy Adams II") (great-grandson)<br>- [Henry Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Adams "Henry Adams") (great-grandson)<br>- [Brooks Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Adams "Brooks Adams") (great-grandson)<br>- [John Adams Sr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_Sr. "John Adams Sr.") (father)<br>- [Susanna Boylston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Boylston "Susanna Boylston") (mother)<br>- [Samuel Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams "Samuel Adams") (second cousin)<br>- [Louisa Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Adams "Louisa Adams") (daughter-in-law, [first lady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States "List of first ladies of the United States")) |
| - **[← George Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington "George Washington")**<br>- **[Thomas Jefferson →](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson "Thomas Jefferson")**<br>- Thomas Jefferson →<br>- **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Adams "Category:John Adams")** |
| show<br>[Tripoli, Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya "Tripoli, Libya") |
| --- |
| [Buildings and\<br>\<br> structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Libya "Category:Buildings and structures in Libya") | | [Airports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Libya "List of airports in Libya") | - [Mitiga International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitiga_International_Airport "Mitiga International Airport")<br>- [Tripoli International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_International_Airport "Tripoli International Airport") |
| Hotels | - [Bab el Bahr Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_el_Bahr_Hotel?action=edit&redlink=1 "Bab el Bahr Hotel (page does not exist)")<br>- [Corinthia Hotel Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthia_Hotel_Tripoli "Corinthia Hotel Tripoli")<br>- [Al Ghazala InterContinental Tripoli Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ghazala_InterContinental_Tripoli_Hotel?action=edit&redlink=1 "Al Ghazala InterContinental Tripoli Hotel (page does not exist)")<br>- [Grand Hotel Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hotel_Tripoli "Grand Hotel Tripoli")<br>- [Al Waddan Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Waddan_Hotel "Al Waddan Hotel")<br>- [JW Marriott Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JW_Marriott_Tripoli "JW Marriott Tripoli")<br>- [Radisson Blu Al Mahary Hotel Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radisson_Blu_Al_Mahary_Hotel_Tripoli "Radisson Blu Al Mahary Hotel Tripoli")<br>- [Sheraton Hotel Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheraton_Hotel_Tripoli "Sheraton Hotel Tripoli") |
| Mosques | - [Algeria Square Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_Square_Mosque "Algeria Square Mosque")<br>- [Al-Naqah Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Naqah_Mosque "Al-Naqah Mosque")<br>- [Gurgi Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgi_Mosque "Gurgi Mosque")<br>- [Karamanli Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanli_Mosque "Karamanli Mosque")<br>- [Sidi Darghut Mosque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Darghut_Mosque "Sidi Darghut Mosque") |
| [Museums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Libya "List of museums in Libya") | - [Epigraphy Museum of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy_Museum_of_Tripoli "Epigraphy Museum of Tripoli")<br>- [Ethnographic Museum of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographic_Museum_of_Tripoli "Ethnographic Museum of Tripoli")<br>- [Islamic Museum of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli "Islamic Museum of Tripoli")<br>- [Karamanly House Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanly_House_Museum "Karamanly House Museum")<br>- [Natural History Museum of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Tripoli "Natural History Museum of Tripoli")<br>- [Prehistory Museum of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_Museum_of_Tripoli "Prehistory Museum of Tripoli")<br>- [Red Castle Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Castle_Museum "Red Castle Museum") |
| Stadiums | - [7 October Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_October_Stadium "7 October Stadium")<br>- [Ali Alsgozy Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Alsgozy_Stadium?action=edit&redlink=1 "Ali Alsgozy Stadium (page does not exist)")<br>- [GMR Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMR_Stadium "GMR Stadium")<br>- [June 11 Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_11_Stadium "June 11 Stadium") |
| Other | - [Abu Salim prison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Salim_prison "Abu Salim prison")<br>- [Bab al-Azizia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia "Bab al-Azizia")<br>- [Darghouth Turkish Bath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darghouth_Turkish_Bath "Darghouth Turkish Bath")<br>- [Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fist_Crushing_a_U.S._Fighter_Plane_Sculpture "Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture")<br>- [Galleria De Bono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_De_Bono "Galleria De Bono")<br>- [Libyan Studies Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Studies_Center "Libyan Studies Center")<br>- [Martyrs' Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs'_Square,_Tripoli "Martyrs' Square, Tripoli")<br>- [Nessco Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessco_Building "Nessco Building")<br>- [People's Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Hall,_Tripoli "People's Hall, Tripoli")<br>- [Red Castle of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Castle_of_Tripoli "Red Castle of Tripoli")<br>- [St. Francis Pro-Cathedral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Pro-Cathedral,_Tripoli "St. Francis Pro-Cathedral, Tripoli")<br>- [Tarabulus Zoo Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarabulus_Zoo_Park "Tarabulus Zoo Park")<br>- _[Tripoli Cathedral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_Cathedral "Tripoli Cathedral")(former)_<br>- [Tripoli Central Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_Central_Hospital "Tripoli Central Hospital")<br>- [Tripoli Zoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_Zoo "Tripoli Zoo")<br>- [University of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tripoli "University of Tripoli") | |
| History | - [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Tripoli,_Libya "Timeline of Tripoli, Libya")<br>- [Spanish rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli "Spanish Tripoli") ( [Spanish conquest of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Tripoli_(1510) "Spanish conquest of Tripoli (1510)"))<br>- [Hospitaller rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitaller_Tripoli "Hospitaller Tripoli")<br>- [Siege of Tripoli (1551)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551) "Siege of Tripoli (1551)")<br>- [Treaty of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli)<br>- [Battle of Tripoli Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tripoli_Harbor "Second Battle of Tripoli Harbor")<br>- [Battle of Tripoli (1825)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(1825) "Battle of Tripoli (1825)")<br>- [Italian Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Tripoli "Italian Tripoli")<br>- [2011 Tripoli clashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_protests_and_clashes_(February_2011) "Tripoli protests and clashes (February 2011)")<br>- [Battle of Tripoli (2011)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011) "Battle of Tripoli (2011)")<br>- [Battle of Tripoli (2018)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2018) "Battle of Tripoli (2018)")<br>- [Battle of Tripoli (2019)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Western_Libya_offensive "2019 Western Libya offensive") |
| Neighborhoods | - [Bin Ashur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Ashur "Bin Ashur")<br>- [Fashloom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashloom "Fashloom")<br>- [Souq al Jum'aa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq_al_Jum'aa "Souq al Jum'aa")<br>- [Zawiyat al-Dahmani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiyat_al-Dahmani "Zawiyat al-Dahmani") |
| Sport | - Al Jamarek Tripoli<br>- [Al-Ittihad Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Club_(Tripoli) "Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli)")<br>- [Alahly Tripoli S.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alahly_Tripoli_S.C. "Alahly Tripoli S.C.")<br>- [Almadina S.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almadina_S.C. "Almadina S.C.")<br>- [Alwahda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwahda_(Tripoli) "Alwahda (Tripoli)")<br>- [Aschat S.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschat_S.C. "Aschat S.C.")<br>- [Tripoli Grand Prix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_Grand_Prix "Tripoli Grand Prix") |
| Other | - [Apostolic Vicariate of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Tripoli "Apostolic Vicariate of Tripoli")<br>- [Tripoli International Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli_International_Fair "Tripoli International Fair") |
| show<br>[Barbary Corsairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Corsairs "Barbary Corsairs") |
| --- |
| | show<br>Territories |
| --- |
| - [Regency of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers "Regency of Algiers")<br>- [Annaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba "Annaba")<br>- [Barbary coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_coast "Barbary coast")<br>- [Bizerte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte "Bizerte")<br>- [Cherchell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherchell "Cherchell")<br>- [Mahdiya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdiya "Mahdiya")<br>- [Oran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran#Ottoman_period_(1708%E2%80%931732,_1792%E2%80%931831) "Oran")<br>- [Rabat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat "Rabat")<br>- [Republic of Salé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9 "Republic of Salé")<br>- [Tetouan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetouan "Tetouan")<br>- [Regency of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania "Ottoman Tripolitania")<br>- [Regency of Tunis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia "Ottoman Tunisia") | |
| | show<br>Commanders |
| --- |
| | 16th century | - [Aruj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruj "Aruj")<br>- [Hayreddin Barbarossa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa "Hayreddin Barbarossa")<br>- [Sayyida al Hurra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra "Sayyida al Hurra")<br>- [Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_Muslihiddin_Reis "Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis")<br>- [Occhiali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occhiali "Occhiali")<br>- [Salah Rais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Rais "Salah Rais")<br>- [Murat Reis the Elder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder "Murat Reis the Elder")<br>- [Kemal Reis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Reis "Kemal Reis")<br>- [Aydın Reis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Reis "Aydın Reis")<br>- [Muhammad I Pasha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha "Muhammad I Pasha")<br>- [Hasan Corso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Corso "Hasan Corso")<br>- [Muhammad Kurdogli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Kurdogli "Muhammad Kurdogli")<br>- [Hasan Agha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Agha "Hasan Agha")<br>- [Hasan Pasha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa) "Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)")<br>- [Arnaut Mami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaut_Mami "Arnaut Mami")<br>- [Hassan Veneziano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano "Hassan Veneziano")<br>- [Sinan Reis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_Reis "Sinan Reis")<br>- [Dragut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragut "Dragut") |
| 17th century | - [Jan Janszoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Janszoon "Jan Janszoon")<br>- [Salé Rovers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers "Salé Rovers")<br>- [Anglo-Turkish piracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy "Anglo-Turkish piracy")<br>- [Sulayman Reis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulayman_Reis_(pirate) "Sulayman Reis (pirate)")<br>- [Ahmed el Inglizi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_el_Inglizi "Ahmed el Inglizi")<br>- [Omar Agha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Agha "Omar Agha")<br>- [Ali Bitchin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Bitchin "Ali Bitchin")<br>- [Simon Reis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zymen_Danseker "Zymen Danseker")<br>- [Yusuf Reis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ward "Jack Ward") |
| 18th century | - [Ahmed Karamanli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Karamanli "Ahmed Karamanli")<br>- [Yusuf Karamanli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli "Yusuf Karamanli") |
| 19th century | - [Ali Khodja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khodja "Ali Khodja")<br>- [Hussein Dey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Dey "Hussein Dey")<br>- [Omar Agha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Agha "Omar Agha")<br>- [Mohamed Kharnadji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Kharnadji "Mohamed Kharnadji")<br>- [Haji Ali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Ali_(Dey_of_Algiers) "Haji Ali (Dey of Algiers)")<br>- [Baba Mohammed ben-Osman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman "Baba Mohammed ben-Osman") | | |
| | show<br>Diplomacy |
| --- |
| - [Franco-Ottoman alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance "Franco-Ottoman alliance")<br>- [Anglo-Moroccan alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance "Anglo-Moroccan alliance")<br>- [Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship "Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship")<br>- [Relations with Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_relations_with_Barbary "Spanish relations with Barbary")<br>- [US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli)<br>- [US Treaty with Tunis (1797)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797) "Treaty with Tunis (1797)")<br>- [US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_with_Tripoli_(1805) "Treaty with Tripoli (1805)")<br>- [US Treaty with Algiers (1815)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815) "Treaty with Algiers (1815)")<br>- [US Treaty with Tunis (1824)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1824) "Treaty with Tunis (1824)")<br>- [US Treaty with Morocco (1836)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_with_Morocco_(1836) "Treaty with Morocco (1836)") | |
| | show<br>Conflicts |
| --- |
| | 16th century | - [Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501) "Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)") (1501)<br>- [Action off Elba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_off_Elba_(1504) "Action off Elba (1504)") (1504)<br>- [Capture of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516) "Capture of Algiers (1516)") (1516)<br>- [Fall of Tlemcen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518) "Fall of Tlemcen (1518)") (1518)<br>- [Battle of Piombino Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Piombino_Channel "Battle of Piombino Channel") (1518)<br>- [Battle of Pianosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa "Battle of Pianosa") (1519)<br>- [Siege of Rhodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522) "Siege of Rhodes (1522)") (1522)<br>- [Battle of Formentera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera_(1529) "Battle of Formentera (1529)") (1529)<br>- [Capture of Peñón of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529) "Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)") (1529)<br>- [Conquest of Tunis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534) "Conquest of Tunis (1534)") (1534)<br>- [Conquest of Tunis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535) "Conquest of Tunis (1535)") (1535)<br>- [Sack of Mahón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Mah%C3%B3n "Sack of Mahón") (1535)<br>- [Siege of Corfu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537) "Siege of Corfu (1537)") (1537)<br>- [Battle of Preveza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1538) "Battle of Preveza (1538)") (1538)<br>- [Siege of Castelnuovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo "Siege of Castelnuovo") (1539)<br>- [Battle of Alboran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alboran "Battle of Alboran") (1540)<br>- [Siege of Nice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nice_(1543) "Siege of Nice (1543)") (1543)<br>- [Ottoman wintering in Toulon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_wintering_in_Toulon "Ottoman wintering in Toulon") (1543-1544)<br>- [Capture of Mahdiye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdiye_(1550) "Capture of Mahdiye (1550)") (1550)<br>- [Invasion of Gozo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551) "Invasion of Gozo (1551)") (1551)<br>- [Siege of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551) "Siege of Tripoli (1551)") (1551)<br>- [Battle of Ponza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552) "Battle of Ponza (1552)") (1552)<br>- [Invasion of Corsica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553) "Invasion of Corsica (1553)") (1553)<br>- [Capture of Bougie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Bougie "Capture of Bougie") (1555)<br>- [Siege of Oran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556) "Siege of Oran (1556)") (1556)<br>- [Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558) "Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)") (1558)<br>- [Battle of Wadi al-Laban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Laban "Battle of Wadi al-Laban") (1558)<br>- [Expedition to Mostaganem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558) "Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)") (1558)<br>- [Battle of Djerba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba "Battle of Djerba") (1560)<br>- [Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir "Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir") (1563)<br>- [Blockade of the Tetuan river](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Tetuan_river "Blockade of the Tetuan river") (1565)<br>- [Great Siege of Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta "Great Siege of Malta") (1565)<br>- [Rebellion of the Alpujarras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571) "Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)") (1568–71)<br>- [Battle of Lepanto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto "Battle of Lepanto") (1571)<br>- [Spanish conquest of Tunis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573) "Conquest of Tunis (1573)") (1573)<br>- [Ottoman conquest of Tunis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574) "Conquest of Tunis (1574)") (1574)<br>- [Sack of Sori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Sori "Sack of Sori") (1584) |
| 17th century | - [Expulsion of the Moriscos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos "Expulsion of the Moriscos") (1609)<br>- [Franco-Algerian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Algerian_war_(1609%E2%80%931628) "Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)") (1609–28)<br>- [Franco-Spanish Raid on La Goulette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_La_Goulette_(1609) "Raid on La Goulette (1609)") (1609)<br>- [Spanish raid on Kerkennah Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_the_Kerkennah_Islands "Raid on the Kerkennah Islands") (1611)<br>- [Spanish raid on La Goulette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_La_Goulette_(1612) "Raid on La Goulette (1612)") (1612)<br>- [Raid on Żejtun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun "Raid on Żejtun") (1614)<br>- [Spanish raid on La Goulette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_La_Goulette_(1615) "Raid on La Goulette (1615)") (1615)<br>- [Spanish raid on La Goulette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_La_Goulette_(1617) "Raid on La Goulette (1617)") (1617)<br>- [Dutch–Barbary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Barbary_war "Dutch–Barbary war") (1618–22)<br>- [Anglo-Algerian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_expedition_to_Algiers_(1620%E2%80%931621) "English expedition to Algiers (1620–1621)") (1620–1621)<br>- [Battle of Chios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(1621) "Battle of Chios (1621)") (1621)<br>- [Battle of Palermo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palermo_(1624) "Battle of Palermo (1624)") (1624)<br>- [Battle of the Gulf of Tunis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Tunis "Battle of the Gulf of Tunis") (1624)<br>- [Battle of the Dalmatian Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Coast "Battle of the Dalmatian Coast") (1624)<br>- [Battle of San Pietro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_3_October_1624 "Action of 3 October 1624") (1624)<br>- [Dutch expedition to Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Algiers_(1624) "Dutch expedition to Algiers (1624)") (1624)<br>- [Turkish Abductions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Abductions "Turkish Abductions") (1627)<br>- [Sack of Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore "Sack of Baltimore") (1631)<br>- [Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Ceriale_and_Borghetto "Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto") (1637)<br>- [Cretan War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669) "Cretan War (1645–1669)") (1645–69)<br>- [Action of March 1665](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_March_1665 "Action of March 1665")<br>- [Anglo-Algerian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Algerian_War_(1677%E2%80%931682) "Anglo-Algerian War (1677–1682)") (1677–82)<br>- [French-Tripolitania War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Tripolitania_War_(1681-1685) "French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)") (1681–85)<br>- [Bombardment of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682) "Bombardment of Algiers (1682)") (1682)<br>- [Bombardment of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683) "Bombardment of Algiers (1683)") (1683)<br>- [Morean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morean_War "Morean War") (1684–99)<br>- [Bombardment of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688) "Bombardment of Algiers (1688)") (1688)<br>- [Sieges of Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727) "Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)") (1694–1727)<br>- [Battle of the Oinousses Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oinousses_Islands_(1695) "Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695)") (1695) |
| 18th century | - [Dutch–Algerian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1715%E2%80%931726) "Dutch–Algerian War (1715–1726)") (1715–26)<br>- [Spanish conquest of Oran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732) "Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)") (1732)<br>- [Action of 28 November 1751](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_28_November_1751 "Action of 28 November 1751")<br>- [Action of 16 April 1755](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_16_April_1755 "Action of 16 April 1755")<br>- [Battle of Cape Palos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1758) "Battle of Cape Palos (1758)") (1758)<br>- [Danish–Algerian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Algerian_War "Danish–Algerian War") (1769–72)<br>- [Siege of Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774%E2%80%931775) "Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)") (1774–75)<br>- [Dutch–Moroccan War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Moroccan_War_(1775%E2%80%931777) "Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777)") (1775–77)<br>- [Invasion of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775) "Invasion of Algiers (1775)") (1775)<br>- [Bombardment of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783) "Bombardment of Algiers (1783)") (1783)<br>- [Bombardments of Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_bombardments_of_the_Beylik_of_Tunis "Venetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis") (1784–92)<br>- [Bombardment of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784) "Bombardment of Algiers (1784)") (1784)<br>- [Moroccan seizure of the Betsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_seizure_of_the_Betsey "Moroccan seizure of the Betsey") (1784)<br>- [American-Algerian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-Algerian_War_(1785-1795) "American-Algerian War (1785-1795)") (1785–95)<br>- Portuguese Algerian War (1790–1813)<br>- [Siege of Oran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1790%E2%80%931792) "Siege of Oran (1790–1792)") (1790–1792)<br>- [Bombardment of Tangier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tangier_(1791) "Bombardment of Tangier (1791)") (1791)<br>- [1st Swedish-Algerian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-Algerian_War_(1791%E2%80%931792) "Swedish-Algerian War (1791–1792)") (1791–92)<br>- [2nd Swedish-Algerian War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-Tripolitanian_War_(1796-1802) "Swedish-Tripolitanian War (1796-1802)") (1796-1802)<br>- [Action of 16 May 1797](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1797 "Action of 16 May 1797")<br>- [Action of 15 August 1799](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_15_August_1799 "Action of 15 August 1799") |
| 19th century | - [First Barbary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barbary_War "First Barbary War") (1801–05)<br>- [Action of 27 May 1802](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_27_May_1802 "Action of 27 May 1802")<br>- [Second Barbary War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barbary_War "Second Barbary War") (1815)<br>- [Bombardment of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816) "Bombardment of Algiers (1816)") (1816)<br>- [Battle of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(1825) "Battle of Tripoli (1825)") (1825)<br>- [Bombardment of Tripoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tripoli_(1828) "Bombardment of Tripoli (1828)") (1828)<br>- [Austrian expedition against Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_expedition_against_Morocco_(1829) "Austrian expedition against Morocco (1829)") (1829–30)<br>- [Invasion of Algiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830) "Invasion of Algiers (1830)") (1830) | | |
| | show<br>Slavery |
| --- |
| - [Barbary slave trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade "Barbary slave trade")<br>- [Slavery on the Barbary Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast "Slavery on the Barbary Coast")<br>- [Bagnio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnio "Bagnio")<br>- [Lazarists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission "Congregation of the Mission")<br>- [Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_della_Redenzione_degli_Schiavi "Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi")<br>- [Redemptorists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptorists "Redemptorists")<br>- [Trinitarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarians "Trinitarians") | |
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Treaty of Tripoli
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